| Peer-Reviewed

Fast Charger for Lead Acid Motive Power Batteries for E-Rickshaw

Received: 9 August 2021     Accepted: 5 October 2021     Published: 21 October 2021
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Abstract

Electric 3-wheeler Rickshaws are the most economical among battery powered electric vehicles. They cost INR 1,20,000 (USD 1615) to buy, including the price of a 48V100Ah deep cycle battery @ INR 20,000 (USD 270) and run around 80 KM on a single charge. No wonder there are already 15,00,000 E Rickshaws in India alone. These E-Rickshaws use Lead acid tubular or flat plate batteries, which cost less than half the price of an equivalent Lithium Battery & have a service life of around 600-800 cycles of 80% discharge & recharge if maintained properly. However, with conventional chargers, the Lead Acid Batteries require 6-7 hours for 80% recharge and 10 hours for a full recharge after a discharge of 80% of rated capacity. Faster recharge increases battery temperature, copious gas evolution & reduces its life. This has been a disadvantage for lead acid batteries in EVs. Lithium-Ion battery requires 2 hours for 80% recharge and 3 hours for a full or recharge. The objective of the research work was to try out and develop a charger, which can fast recharge E Rickshaw battery up to 80% of capacity in lesser charging time without increasing battery temperature or gassing, avoiding battery service life reduction. Method of fast charging was to continuously explore the charge acceptance limits of battery and feed it with optimum charging current so as not to increase temperature & gassing. The unique fast charger requires only 3 hours & 30 minutes to recharge the battery to 80% of its capacity, while temperature rises by 3°C to 4°C, less than half of that in normal charging process. In addition, a super-fast “opportunity charge” during one-hour lunchtime, injects 35% energy in 65 minutes, giving E Rickshaws an extra 35 KM run each time. It is proven that service life is same or more. The fast charger prototypes were successfully field tested on 40 vehicles each at Kolkata & Baharampur in West Bengal, India, to the entire satisfaction of the E Rickshaw drivers. It is now in mass production & sales. Lead Acid batteries in E-Rickshaws, E- Bikes, golf carts & electric trucks are discharged and recharged daily or more. A safe & fast charger increases productivity & revenue.

Published in International Journal of Sustainable and Green Energy (Volume 10, Issue 4)
DOI 10.11648/j.ijrse.20211004.12
Page(s) 121-128
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Lead Acid Battery Fast Charger, Motive Power Battery Fast Charger, Quick Charge, Opportunity Charge, E-Rickshaw Fast Charger, EV Charging Station, Rapid Charger, Ampere-hour Law

References
[1] NITI Aayog and Rocky Mountain Institute, India Leaps Ahead: Transformative mobility solutions for all. May 2017 [Available: https://www.rmi.org/insights/reports/transformative_mobility_solutions_india].
[2] Pamela G. Horkos. Review on Different Charging Techniques of Lead Acid Batteries, 2015 Third International Conference on Technological Advances in Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (TAEECE), IEEE, May 2015.
[3] Hany Serhan. Effect of Different Charging Techniques on Battery Life-time: Review.
[4] 2018 International Conference on Innovative Trends in Computer Engineering (ITCE 2018), IEEE, 2018.
[5] E. M. Valeriote, T. G. Chang Fast Charging of Lead-Acid Batteries, Proceedings of 9th Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances, IEEE, 1994.
[6] D. Calasanzio, Fast charging of lead/acid batteries, Journal of Power Sources, Elsevier, 1993 pp 375-381.
[7] Li Siguang. Research on Fast Charge Method for Lead-Acid Electric Vehicle.
[8] Batteries, 2009 International Workshop on Intelligent Systems and Applications, IEEE, 2009.
[9] Paul Ruetschi. Aging mechanisms and service life of lead–acid batteries, Journal of Power Sources, Elsevier, 2004 pp 33-44".
[10] Hassan Karami. Recovery of Discarded Sulfated Lead-Acid Batteries, Journal of Power Sources, Elsevier, 2009 pp 165-175.
[11] Rajarshi Sen. A handbook on lead acid battery operation and maintenance for solar PV plants, Clean Energy Access Network, 2018.
[12] Edison Banguero. A Review on Battery Charging and Discharging Control Strategies: Application to Renewable Energy Systems, Energies, MDPI 2018.
[13] GUO Yifeng. Study on the Fast Charging Method of Lead-Acid Battery with Negative Pulse Discharge, IEEE, 2011.
[14] Myriam Neaimeh. Analyzing the usage and evidencing the importance of fast chargers for the adoption of battery electric vehicles, Energy Policy 108, Elsevier, 2017 pp 474–486.
[15] Mohamed Abdel Monem. A Comparative Study of Different Fast Charging methodologies for Batteries Based on Aging Process, International Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exhibition (EVS28), May 2016.
[16] R. C. Cope. The art of battery charging, Battery Conference on Applications and Advances, 1999, pp 233-235.
[17] C. C. Hua. A Study of the Charging Control of Lead-Acid Battery for Electric Vehicles, IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronic, 2000.
[18] Yang Gang. Experiment Study on Effect of Different Parameters Pulses on the Battery Plate Sulphuration, International Journal of Electrochemical Science, 2014 pp 6431-6437.
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Rajarshi Sen, Harsh Thacker, Anindita Roy, Rupesh Shete, Anil Jadhav, et al. (2021). Fast Charger for Lead Acid Motive Power Batteries for E-Rickshaw. International Journal of Sustainable and Green Energy, 10(4), 121-128. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijrse.20211004.12

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    ACS Style

    Rajarshi Sen; Harsh Thacker; Anindita Roy; Rupesh Shete; Anil Jadhav, et al. Fast Charger for Lead Acid Motive Power Batteries for E-Rickshaw. Int. J. Sustain. Green Energy 2021, 10(4), 121-128. doi: 10.11648/j.ijrse.20211004.12

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    AMA Style

    Rajarshi Sen, Harsh Thacker, Anindita Roy, Rupesh Shete, Anil Jadhav, et al. Fast Charger for Lead Acid Motive Power Batteries for E-Rickshaw. Int J Sustain Green Energy. 2021;10(4):121-128. doi: 10.11648/j.ijrse.20211004.12

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ijrse.20211004.12,
      author = {Rajarshi Sen and Harsh Thacker and Anindita Roy and Rupesh Shete and Anil Jadhav and Calvin Raj and Mithilesh Sawant and Vinay Patil},
      title = {Fast Charger for Lead Acid Motive Power Batteries for E-Rickshaw},
      journal = {International Journal of Sustainable and Green Energy},
      volume = {10},
      number = {4},
      pages = {121-128},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ijrse.20211004.12},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijrse.20211004.12},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijrse.20211004.12},
      abstract = {Electric 3-wheeler Rickshaws are the most economical among battery powered electric vehicles. They cost INR 1,20,000 (USD 1615) to buy, including the price of a 48V100Ah deep cycle battery @ INR 20,000 (USD 270) and run around 80 KM on a single charge. No wonder there are already 15,00,000 E Rickshaws in India alone. These E-Rickshaws use Lead acid tubular or flat plate batteries, which cost less than half the price of an equivalent Lithium Battery & have a service life of around 600-800 cycles of 80% discharge & recharge if maintained properly. However, with conventional chargers, the Lead Acid Batteries require 6-7 hours for 80% recharge and 10 hours for a full recharge after a discharge of 80% of rated capacity. Faster recharge increases battery temperature, copious gas evolution & reduces its life. This has been a disadvantage for lead acid batteries in EVs. Lithium-Ion battery requires 2 hours for 80% recharge and 3 hours for a full or recharge. The objective of the research work was to try out and develop a charger, which can fast recharge E Rickshaw battery up to 80% of capacity in lesser charging time without increasing battery temperature or gassing, avoiding battery service life reduction. Method of fast charging was to continuously explore the charge acceptance limits of battery and feed it with optimum charging current so as not to increase temperature & gassing. The unique fast charger requires only 3 hours & 30 minutes to recharge the battery to 80% of its capacity, while temperature rises by 3°C to 4°C, less than half of that in normal charging process. In addition, a super-fast “opportunity charge” during one-hour lunchtime, injects 35% energy in 65 minutes, giving E Rickshaws an extra 35 KM run each time. It is proven that service life is same or more. The fast charger prototypes were successfully field tested on 40 vehicles each at Kolkata & Baharampur in West Bengal, India, to the entire satisfaction of the E Rickshaw drivers. It is now in mass production & sales. Lead Acid batteries in E-Rickshaws, E- Bikes, golf carts & electric trucks are discharged and recharged daily or more. A safe & fast charger increases productivity & revenue.},
     year = {2021}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Fast Charger for Lead Acid Motive Power Batteries for E-Rickshaw
    AU  - Rajarshi Sen
    AU  - Harsh Thacker
    AU  - Anindita Roy
    AU  - Rupesh Shete
    AU  - Anil Jadhav
    AU  - Calvin Raj
    AU  - Mithilesh Sawant
    AU  - Vinay Patil
    Y1  - 2021/10/21
    PY  - 2021
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijrse.20211004.12
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ijrse.20211004.12
    T2  - International Journal of Sustainable and Green Energy
    JF  - International Journal of Sustainable and Green Energy
    JO  - International Journal of Sustainable and Green Energy
    SP  - 121
    EP  - 128
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2575-1549
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijrse.20211004.12
    AB  - Electric 3-wheeler Rickshaws are the most economical among battery powered electric vehicles. They cost INR 1,20,000 (USD 1615) to buy, including the price of a 48V100Ah deep cycle battery @ INR 20,000 (USD 270) and run around 80 KM on a single charge. No wonder there are already 15,00,000 E Rickshaws in India alone. These E-Rickshaws use Lead acid tubular or flat plate batteries, which cost less than half the price of an equivalent Lithium Battery & have a service life of around 600-800 cycles of 80% discharge & recharge if maintained properly. However, with conventional chargers, the Lead Acid Batteries require 6-7 hours for 80% recharge and 10 hours for a full recharge after a discharge of 80% of rated capacity. Faster recharge increases battery temperature, copious gas evolution & reduces its life. This has been a disadvantage for lead acid batteries in EVs. Lithium-Ion battery requires 2 hours for 80% recharge and 3 hours for a full or recharge. The objective of the research work was to try out and develop a charger, which can fast recharge E Rickshaw battery up to 80% of capacity in lesser charging time without increasing battery temperature or gassing, avoiding battery service life reduction. Method of fast charging was to continuously explore the charge acceptance limits of battery and feed it with optimum charging current so as not to increase temperature & gassing. The unique fast charger requires only 3 hours & 30 minutes to recharge the battery to 80% of its capacity, while temperature rises by 3°C to 4°C, less than half of that in normal charging process. In addition, a super-fast “opportunity charge” during one-hour lunchtime, injects 35% energy in 65 minutes, giving E Rickshaws an extra 35 KM run each time. It is proven that service life is same or more. The fast charger prototypes were successfully field tested on 40 vehicles each at Kolkata & Baharampur in West Bengal, India, to the entire satisfaction of the E Rickshaw drivers. It is now in mass production & sales. Lead Acid batteries in E-Rickshaws, E- Bikes, golf carts & electric trucks are discharged and recharged daily or more. A safe & fast charger increases productivity & revenue.
    VL  - 10
    IS  - 4
    ER  - 

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Author Information
  • Customized Energy Solutions Pvt. Ltd, Pune, India

  • Customized Energy Solutions Pvt. Ltd, Pune, India

  • Mechanical Engineering Department, Pimpri Chinchwad College of Engineering, Pune, India

  • Mechanical Engineering Department, Pimpri Chinchwad College of Engineering, Pune, India

  • Customized Energy Solutions Pvt. Ltd, Pune, India

  • Customized Energy Solutions Pvt. Ltd, Pune, India

  • Mechanical Engineering Department, Pimpri Chinchwad College of Engineering, Pune, India

  • Customized Energy Solutions Pvt. Ltd, Pune, India

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